Iphone 6 and Iphone 5s release date cocming soon

iPhone 6 and iPhone 5S release date may not happen anytime soon as a new rumour claimed that tech giant Apple will launch the iPhone Mini Light.

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A talented Apple concept designer named Martin Hajek created the new low-budget iPhone concept with the iOS 7 and a variety of bright color choices.

According to rumours, iPhone Mini Light will come with a plastic casing and may come in many colours. As for the specs and features, it will boast an 4-inch screen display, 8MP rear camera, 1GB RAM, 16GB storage and Bluetooth 4. The device could be a cheaper yet stylish version of iPhone 5.

The most surprising of all, the device may bear a tag price of below $300.

The speculated launch of iPhone Mini Light is probably due to the myriad of low cost smartphones that are currently available in the market.

This report is fairly close to the claims of an analyst who stated that an iPhone 5 with plastic casing is set for release in early September while the full-fledged iPhone 5S release date was pushed back to the end of the month.

According to the latest note of KGI Securities analyst Ming-Chi Kuo, the rumoured iPhone 5S is facing production delays and setbacks with the inclusion of various components . Thus, it could yield to a limited supply upon release date.

The analyst also stated that the iPhone 5 with plastic casing and iPad 5 will be released earlier than iPhone 5S. Kuo speculated that the iPhone model will bear a tag price of $450 to $550.

Based on the past iPhone releases, the flagship smartphone of the company usually debuts with Apple's operating system. However, it is still unconfirmed whether Apple will release the full-fledged iPhone 6 or the cheaper iPhone 5S.

Also, it is not a remote possibility that the iPhone will be released before Christmas. There is a chance that Apple may announce the iPhone 6 on Thanksgiving just in time for the holiday rush.

Aside from the new iOS 7, Apple's iPhone 6 is speculated to be powered by A7 quad core chip. It will include some features such as Near Field Communication, 13MP back camera and longer battery life. And just like its brother, iPad, it may have a large internal storage of up to 128GB.

Meanwhile, the cheaper iPhone 5S is expected to boast a 4-inch screen display, a dual core processor and an 8MP back camera all housed in a cheap plastic casing.

How to get prone of Global Warming

How To stop Global Warming

Global warming affects our plant every day and can cause major environmental implications if not addressed. It is the result of planet Earth releasing more and more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In reviewing how to reduce global warming, many individuals have turned to reducing the amount of carbon dioxide they personally release into the atmosphere. This is also known as a person’s carbon footprint, and it can have a major impact on reducing global warming.

Reduce use of cars  with Friends or Co-Workers

Cars are one of the biggest creators of carbon dioxide gas in the air. The burning of fuel incars and trucks and the emissions created as a result of this burning is causing global warming to increase on a daily basis. However, by choosing to commute in larger groups with other individuals via a carpool, a person can dramatically reduce their carbon footprint on a daily basis. Fewer cars on the highway equal less emissions released into the atmosphere. Thus, carpooling is an earth friendly way to not only save money on gas, but also reduce global warming.

Use Resusable things instead of plastic bottels

Plastic water bottles create a vast amount of garbage in landfills, and many of the plastics used to make these bottles are not recyclable nor do they break down easily in landfills. Therefore, by switching plastic water bottles with a reusable bottle, a person can not only decrease the amount of trash in landfills, which contributes to carbon dioxide and methane gases in the atmosphere, but also can reduce the support that is going to companies that transport these plastic water bottles to the stores.

Recycle and Reuse

Many people tend to ditch items when they are broken, and purchase new items. However, by doing this, it creates more trash in the landfills, which contributes to global warming. Instead, by choosing to fix old items and reuse them, one person can considerably reduce the amount of trash that goes into landfills and thereby, reduce one’s carbon footprint. In addition, simple recycling by sorting items out of the trash that can be recycled helps to keeplandfills less full and again, reduces the carbon footprint.

Purchase Local Products

The groceries a person purchases can have a huge impact on their carbon footprint. When a person chooses to buy items from local manufacturers, farmers, and producers, it supports products that required less transportation time and less energy to transport, thereby reducingthe carbon footprint left behind. In addition, by choosing specific local products, such as coffee, has a huge impact on the environment, as most coffee beans travel long distances to get to grocers nationwide.

There are many easy and simple ways to reduce global warming. One person can change the amount of carbon footprint they leave behind simply by choosing to make changes such as implementing carpooling, recycling, and buying local products. Many fail to realize that global warming can be reduced if each person makes a conscious decision to take these small actions, which add up to huge results.

Free ways to watch Livetv without any registration

WWITV

This is the world wide internet tv which is showing the channels from all over the world.
In this link you found out channels in different languages. There are also so many external links which forward you to the channel you want to see. 

 
Frank Huisman
CEO wwiTV.com B.V. The Netherlands

NEWTVWORLD

The india's popular live tv website helps you to watch out all indian channels in all indian languages with hig quality. This is also provides with you severallinks like news,music ,sports and live tv. enjoy every channel you want to watch of india in its link or it refers you to others link.

YUPP TV MOVIES

This is also world's most lovinf internet tv. It provides live tv and also the live mosvies. This also gives out the old channel programs. It provides hindi live tv,english live tv,tanil live tv,telgu live tv,kannada live tv,malyalam live tc,bengali live tv, punjabi live tv,oriya live tv,marathi live tv,bhojpuri live tv,asaamese live tv

LIVE TV

LiveTV is a free website for live sport streams, sport videos and live score. They provide you a great possibility to follow numerous live sport events, including football games of the UEFA Champions League, English Premier League, German Bundesliga, French League.

Poonam pandey nasha hot pictures voilating over internet

Katrina Kaif in bikni enjoying with ranbir kapoor

These are some of the random pics of ranbir and katrina clicked when they are in spain enjoing on the beach and the most excited part is that katina kaif is in bikni. After these pics the katrina was happy cuz the people knows the truth now about them.

How to earn more and more just sitting at home without any hidden charges

There are so many ways to earn money just by sitting at home. It depends on yourself just how to earn and the way the person chooses himself. these days everybody need money and want the sources to earn money but the problem of sources and lack of motivation let the people demotiated and helpless. But Helpuonline let you go through the some of the sources, weblinks which help you to earn by sitting home or to other sources as well.

Now everybody is just waiting for the links like you found out when searching on google like paosalive,freemoney,money28 and all but tody i dont wana discuss all that stuffs reason being thtat they all are just a waste of time because clicking on advertisements not give you money it give money to the website owners.

First of all you need to have a good motivation of work and then you go through some of the sources:

1.) GOOGLE ADSENSE

Its the one of the bestest source available on the internet to earn money. In this google provide free advertisements on your websites, web blogs so that by going through them you can earn money easily.

2.)BLOGGING

Other way to earn money is to make blogs of your own and earn money from them. Its alos the one of the good ways  today spreading on internet. You can make blogs of google by blogspot.com and there are so many firms that provide you free blogs.

3.)ARTICLE WRITING

This is also the one of the best way in this you can write articles and charge money from them by providing the content they want so this can increase your knowledge and also let you to earnmore money.

Hope you like all this read another articles also and keep visitng my web.

Free songs download links

Songspk

Its the largest growing and old one music download website. It provides free songs download from anywhere in the world. It gives the songs from bollywood, Pop albums, punjabi songs and also the songs of various big stars and singers. so try it its one of the good timely updated website which provides all new launched songs.

Mr-Jatt

The one of the growing music web of india which provides all types of songs download free. This website gives you out the download of bollywood songs,punjabi songs with a large collection. It also gives the bollywood and punjabi songs videos. This also provides other services like ringtones,live chat,hot zone,etc.

Easy recharge at home

Recharge It now

 Its one of the best online prepaid recharge site in India. They provide easy and quick recharge for Aircel, Airtel, BSNL, Tata Docomo CDMA, Tata Docomo GSM , Idea, Tata Indicom Delhi, Loop Mobile (BPL Mobile), MTNL Trump Mumbai, MTS, Reliance CDMA, Reliance GSM, T24, Uninor, Videocon, Virgin CDMA, Virgin GSM, Vodafone mobile for all circles across India and Airtel Digital TV, Dish TV, Reliance Digital TV, Sun Direct, Tata Sky & Videocon D2H, Just by sitting at home. Recharge they provide is PIN Less and there is no need to call the IVR and the procedure is very simple and easy. So no need to buy a voucher or top-up card when there are a convenient way to recharge prepaid mobile and DTH using credit/debit/cash card and net banking. No extra/hidden cost, you only pay MRP. From this site you get the advantage of 'ANY TIME RECHARGE' while you are traveling any where in the world. More services to be added soon...

Easy Mobile Recharge

By going through this site you can recharge your prepaid mobile online any time, anywhere .PrepaidRecharge for all major India's top cellular services is available here. Apart from GSM phone recharge, Online recharge is also available for CDMA prepaid cellphones. The payments can be made through all major credit cards or bank transfers. 

As these days now the telecom industry is growing very fast in India. Airtel, Hutch, Idea, Tata Indicom, Reliance and BSNL are the major players in this sector. For Cell recharge,more often than not, users have to physically go to shops to recharge phone cards. 
Apart from online prepaid recharge, they would be providing information about latest mobile operator tariff, special offers, cell phones and gadgets in the market.

Free Charge

By using this site Recharge your prepaid Mobile, DTH or Data card online and get free coupons worth equal value. With every online recharge, FreeCharge offers wide range of exclusive coupons to choose from. Online recharge facility is available for all prepaid Mobile, DTH and Data card operators. 
FreeCharge also offers additional information such as popular online recharge plans for all service providers.

This is also the very much growing website because they provide with free equal value coupons.

The 19th-century surgery

Before the 19th century operations were horrific procedures, and most patients died from post-operative shock, infection, or loss of blood. In some London hospitals the death rate after operations was over 80 per cent.

The 19th-century up-turn in surgery actually pre-dated anaesthetics and antiseptics. Many new ideas were trialled in America (eg Dr Thomas McDowell performed an ovariotomy in 1809), with some success. One suggestion is that American surgeons were happier to try out new techniques on Black slaves.

The improvements in anaesthetics (to protect patients from pain) andantiseptics (to protect patients from infection) occurred because surgery without them was too traumatic, and patients couldn't survive it. Newblood transfusion techniques also saved many lives.

Anaesthetics for pain

Surgeon pictured in USA c.1882, wearing an apron, but without surgical gloves or face mask

• 1842: Crawford W Long (America) used ether as an anaesthetic while operating on a neck tumour (but did not publish details of his operation).
• 1845: Horace Wells (America) tried unsuccessfully to demonstrate that laughing gas would allow him to extract a tooth painlessly.
• 1846: Dr JC Warren (America) removed a tumour from the neck of Gilbert Abbott using ether.
• 1846: Robert Liston (Britain) removed a leg using ether - 'this Yankee dodge'.
• 1847: James Simpson (Britain) discovered chloroform.
• 1884: Carl Koller (Germany) discovered that cocaine is a local anaesthetic.

  
  

  Antiseptics and blood transfusions

  For infection - antiseptics

  • 1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss (Hungary) cut the death rate in his maternity ward by making the doctors wash their hands in calcium chloride solution before treating their patients.
  • 1854: Standards of hospital cleanliness and nursing care rose rapidly under the influence of Florence Nightingale.
  • 1865: Joseph Lister (Scotland) - basing his ideas on Pasteur's Germ Theory cut the death rate among his patients from 46 to 15 per cent by spraying instruments and bandages with a 1-in-20 solution of carbolic acid.
  • 1890: Beginnings of aseptic surgery - surgeons started boiling their instruments to sterilise them - WS Halstead (America) started using rubber gloves when operating - German surgeons started to use face masks.

  For blood loss - blood transfusions

  • 1901: Karl Landsteiner (Austria) - discovered blood groups. Transfusions had been tried before but usually killed the patient because of clotting. Matching blood groups stopped this happening.
  • 1913: Richard Lewisohn discovered that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting during an operation.
  • 1938: The National Blood Transfusion Service was set up in Britain.

    More causes for improvements in surgery

    The number of operations grew hugely through the century, and surgeons became skilled at internal operations (1880s: first appendectomy; 1896: first open-heart surgery) and even tried (unsuccessfully) to transplant organs such as thyroid glands and testicles. Various factors pushed the process along:
    1. The Industrial Revolution / inventions
       • Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays - helped internal surgery.
       • Public demonstrations (eg of anaesthesia) allowed knowledge of new procedures to spread.
    2. Scientific knowledge
       • The scientist Humphrey Davy had first discovered that laughing gaswas an anaesthetic when working on the properties of gases in 1800.
       • Joseph Lister lectured in King's College London, and published his findings in 'The Lancet'.
    3. Social factors
       • Queen Victoria gave birth to her children under anaesthesia (after which the general public's fear of anaesthesia lessened). Edward VII's appendectomy helped reduce fear of operations.
    4. War
       • The needs of army surgeons treating soldiers injured in battle (often requiring amputations) stimulated advance.
       • The Crimean War led to the development of nursing (Florence Nightingale at Scutari).
       • World War One led directly to the development of the National Blood Transfusion Service.

Brief History Of The Condom, From Tortoise Shells To Bill Gates must read

Bill Gates has already put some of his money toward building a better toilet, and now he’s turning his attention to another kind of bodily function. The Microsoft billionaire is putting up money through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in hopes of spurring enterprising inventors to make a better condom.

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Though condoms are cheap to make and fairly reliable both for contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, many men do not use them due to a perceived trade-off between protection and pleasure.

“Is it possible to develop a product without this stigma, or better, one that is felt to enhance pleasure?” the Gates-backed organization Grand Challenges asks. “If so, would such a product lead to substantial benefits for global health, both in terms of reducing the incidence of unplanned pregnancies and in prevention of infection with HIV or other STIs?”

Until May 7, Grand Challenges is accepting proposals for next-generation condoms. For winners of an initial $100,000 grant, there’s the possibility for anadditional $1 million in funding later on.

Actually, the history of the condom may go back even further than four centuries.“Condoms have been in use for about 400 years yet they have undergone very little technological improvement in the past 50 years,” Grand Challenges says.

It’s hard to pinpoint just when the first condom was used. Some researchers have suggested that the ancient Egyptians used condoms -- and even dyed them in various colors -- but evidence for this is scarce. There are more solid reports of glans condoms, which covered only the head of the penis, being used amongst the upper classes of Asia before the 1400s. Such condoms were made of intestine, oiled paper, animal horn or tortoise shell.

A female condom of a sort crops up in an ancient story about Minos, the king of Crete, who was supposedly cursed such that his semen was full of scorpions and snakes, which needless to say would complicate things a bit. The scorpion-laden emissions problem was solved by inserting a goat bladder into the vagina of Minos’s sexual partners, according to the Greek writer Antoninus Liberalis.

One of the oldest incontrovertible descriptions of a condom comes from 16th-century Italian physician Gabriele Falloppio, who lent his name to the Fallopian tube. Amidst a roaring syphilis epidemic, Falloppio recommended that men sheath their penises in specially treated linen, tied with ribbons. The doctor is said to have tested these linen condoms on 1,100 men, all of whom supposedly avoided contracting syphilis.

The oldest condoms ever found were dug up in the cesspit -- or big toilet -- of Dudley Castle, an English ruin, in 1985. Made of fish and animal intestine, the condoms were most likely dropped into the cesspit sometime in the mid-17th century. The condoms were only able to survive thanks to the fetid, airless environment of the castle toilet, which prevented the growth of bacteria.

Until the industrial production of rubber was perfected in the mid-19th century, most condoms were made from animal intestines. One recipe from that era,quoted by About.com, describes how to make a condom from the large intestine of a sheep:

“Soak it first in water, turn it on both sides, then repeat the operation in a weak ley (solution) of soda, which must be changed every four or five hours, for five or six successive times; then remove the mucous membrane with the nail; sulphur, wash in clean water, and then in soap and water; rinse, inflate and dry. Next cut it to the required length and attach a piece of ribbon to the open end.”

The first synthetic condoms were made of rubber, and usually only covered the head of the penis, but this required extensive tailoring and fitting; the current full-sheath model allowed for ease of production. Latex, which is derived from rubber, was the next great advance in condom manufacturing, being easier to make, stronger and thinner than rubbers.

But what will the next generation of condoms look like? One company in California is building the Origami condom, a collapsible silicone affair that’s designed to create pleasant sensations. Researchers at the University of Washington are working on a high-tech condom that uses nanoscale fibers that could also deliver drugs to protect against STIs or deliver contraceptive benefits.

Sex Education

Substantial evidence of the effectiveness of comprehensive sex education has recently emerged. Comprehensive sex education addresses both abstinence and age-appropriate, medically accurate information about contraception. Comprehensive sex education is also developmentally appropriate, introducing information on relationships, decision-making, assertiveness, and skill building to resist social/peer pressure, depending on grade-level.

As part of welfare reform, Congress passed legislation in 1996 allocating $50 million in federal funds for abstinence-only-until-marriage programs—which censor information about contraception. Since then, despite no evidence of the effectiveness of these programs and Americans' opposition to federal funding for them, the government has dumped more and more taxpayer money into unrealistic and unproven abstinence-only programs.

General Facts 

• Comprehensive Sex Education: Research and Results
• Effective Sex Education
• The Truth About Abstinence-Only Programs
• Sex Education Programs: Definitions & Point-by-Point Comparison
• Characteristics of Effective Sex Education Programs
• Adolescent Sexual Health in Europe and the U.S.—Why the Difference?
• Condom Effectiveness 

Support for Comprehensive Sex Education 

Polls have shown that parents, teachers, health care professionals, and young people all support sex education that is comprehensive and provides information about abstinence as well as contraception and condoms.

• Americans Support Comprehensive Sex Ed
• American Medical Association's Recommendation for Good Sex Ed
• Speaking Out! Connecticut's Parents and Other Adults Want Comprehensive Sex Education in Schools

Advocates’ Position on Comprehensive Sex Education

Read what Advocates has to say about abstinence-only programs in op-eds, speeches, and public information campaigns.

• Sex Education: Isn't It Time To Listen To The Pediatricians, Not The Politicians? (pdf)
• Teens Need Information, Not Censorship—Remarks by James Wagoner
• European Approaches to Adolescent Sexual Behavior & Responsibility (pdf)
  • Executive Summary & Call to Action
• Video: Teens & Sex in Europe: A Story of Rights, Respect & Responsibility(coming soon)

Teenagers - sexual knowledge

Young people have good knowledge of HIV/AIDS, but know less about chlamydia and other STIs, which pose more of a risk for this group. They get most of their knowledge from school programs and from discussions with their mothers.

While there’s no direct relationship between knowledge and behaviour – a person may know that cigarettes are harmful, but choose to smoke anyway – evaluations of school programs show that young people who have had sex education are more likely to delay sexual intercourse and to have it safely when the time comes.

The bulk of the information in this article was taken from Secondary Students and Sexual Health, containing the results of the 4th National Survey of Australian Secondary Students, HIV/ AIDS and Sexual Health conducted in 2008 by The Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, and funded by the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing.

Information sources

For information about sexual health, students most commonly consulted their:

• Mother (56 per cent)
• A female friend (55 per cent)
• Used the school sexual health program (49 per cent)
• Pamphlets (44 per cent).

Doctors (39 per cent) were also nominated as a fairly common source of information for sexual health, but their use as an information source did not match the level of trust that teenagers placed in them (73 per cent – the most trusted of any source).

Conversely, students were more likely to use both web sites (36 per cent) and the media (35 per cent) for information on sexual health, than they were to actually trust the material provided by these sources (web sites – 25 per cent, media – 22 per cent). 

Key findings

The results from the 2008 national survey included that:

• HIV knowledge remains relatively high and comparable to the levels found in 2002.
• There has been a marked improvement in student sexually transmissible infection (STI) knowledge between the 2002 and 2008 studies. Despite this, in some areas, student STI knowledge remains relatively poor.
• Despite generally poor student knowledge of chlamydia, knowledge of this infection had improved significantly since 2002.
• Hepatitis A, B and C knowledge remains relatively poor, but there had been some improvement in student knowledge regarding hepatitis B and C.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge was measured for the first time in 2008 and student knowledge of this sexually transmissible infection was very poor. In most cases, more than half the sample reported being unsure of correct answers to HPV knowledge questions.
• Cervical cancer knowledge was measured for the first time in the 2008 study and knowledge was generally poor.
• There were no gender differences in students’ HIV knowledge. However, young women demonstrated better knowledge generally, in terms of STIs, HPV, cervical cancer and hepatitis, compared with young men.

The greatest improvement in students’ knowledge related to knowing that a person with an STI frequently shows no noticeable symptoms. The poorest knowledge was in relation to chlamydia, genital warts and gonorrhoea. While knowledge about particular STIs is not always a necessary part of the prevention of STIs, it would still be comforting to see that more students knew more about chlamydia, one of the most prevalent STIs among young people.

Fewer students were aware that condoms do not offer complete protection from all STIs (76 per cent), that cold sores and genital herpes can be caused by the same virus (60 per cent), that chlamydia can lead to sterility amongst women (55 per cent), that oral sex can transmit gonorrhoea (55 per cent) and that genital warts are spread by skin-to-skin contact, not simply through having intercourse (54 per cent).

A minority of students were aware that chlamydia affects both men and women (47 per cent) and that once a person has genital herpes, they will always have the virus (47 per cent).

Understandably, knowledge of hepatitis was relatively poor. However, it has improved since 2002. Students in 2008 were more aware that hepatitis C could be transmitted through tattooing and body piercing (57 per cent), that it was possible to be vaccinated against hepatitis B (72 per cent) and that the virus could be transmitted sexually (59 per cent).

The most confusion concerned the coverage provided by hepatitis vaccinations – there is no vaccination for hepatitis C, even though there is vaccination for hepatitis A and hepatitis B. As hepatitis C is blood-borne and cannot be cured, this is an important gap in their knowledge. 

Marriage and parenthood

The Australian Temperament Project (ATP) is a study tracking individual development from infancy to adulthood. This study includes the views and hopes of Australian young people aged 17 to 18 years on marriage and parenthood. Selected statistics include:

• 55 per cent of young people hope to be married within the next six to 10 years.
• 18 per cent of young people haven’t yet given parenthood a thought.
• About one third hope to become a parent within the next six to 10 (or more) years.
• About 5 per cent wish to remain childless.
• Young men show a general desire to marry and have children at a later age than young women.
• Most young people don’t want to have a child within the next five years. Of those that do, more young people from rural and regional areas want to start a family soon (five per cent and seven per cent) than do young people from the city (one per cent).
• Generally, young people from higher socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to want parenthood later (in 11 years or more), while those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to want parenthood sooner (within the next six to 10 years).
• 94 per cent of young people want to have two or more children.

Where to get help

• Your doctor
• Kids Helpline Tel. 1800 551 800
• Parent Line Tel. 132 289
• Family Planning Victoria Tel. 1800 013 952 or (03) 9257 0100
• Melbourne Sexual Health Centre Tel. (03) 9341 6200 or 1800 032 017 or TTY (for the hearing impaired) (03) 9347 8619

Things to remember

• Most Australian young people don’t practise safe sex.
• Australian teenagers aren’t very well informed about sexually transmissible infections (STIs) other than HIV/AIDS.
• Most Australian teenagers are not prejudiced towards gay men and lesbians.

SOME OF THE FACTORS DRIVING THE GROWTH of networking today and in the future.

Voice / Video / Data

Today, most voice, video, and data traffic travels on separate networks. As the need for online access to information and services increases, many organisations are looking at integrating their current disparate networks into a single, multiservice network. With one network to carry all traffic, they expect to provide a broader range of integrated services while passing the cost savings on to their customers. To meet the needs of this transition, networking companies are developing new products and technologies that increase the bandwidth, or the carrying capacity, of networks. In this way, a single network will be able to carry voice, video, and data traffic efficiently and reliably.

The Internet

The Internet is one of the most visible drivers of networking growth. For corporations, it has become an integral component of daily business processes. For individual consumers, it is becoming an increasingly popular medium for communicating and for accessing information. With all of this traffic stretching the capabilities of the Internet's infrastructure to its limit, there is an associated need for more networking equipment with improved capabilities.

Internet Commerce

The rapid growth of the Internet has created a market for Internet commerce, often referred to as "electronic commerce". As people connect to the Internet, they discover the convenience of purchasing products such as books, clothes, and appliances on line. Companies developing Internet commerce sites require sophisticated hardware and software equipment that will not only support their business strategy, but will also provide the information security their customers require.

Telecommuters

The trend of telecommuting is increasing as corporations seek to lower costs and as professionals look for alternatives to traditional work environments. More and more people use internal corporate networks, employees now expect to be connected to these networks and to the Internet from the road and from home. Consequently, there is an increased demand for networking, technologies that will enable companies and individuals to work to overcome the technical hurdles associated with creating an efficient work environment outside the office.

History of the greenhouse effect and global warming

Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) was a Swedish scientist that was the first to claim in 1896 that fossil fuel combustion may eventually result in enhanced global warming. He proposed a relation between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature. He found that the average surface temperature of the earth is about 15^oC because of the infrared absorption capacity of water vapor and carbon dioxide. This is called the natural greenhouse effect. Arrhenius suggested a doubling of the CO₂ concentration would lead to a 5^oC temperature rise. He and Thomas Chamberlin calculated that human activities could warm the earth by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This research was a by-product of research of whether carbon dioxide would explain the causes of the great Ice Ages. This was not actually verified until 1987.

After the discoveries of Arrhenius and Chamberlin the topic was forgotten for a very long time. At that time it was thought than human influences were insignificant compared to natural forces, such as solar activity and ocean circulation. It was also believed that the oceans were such great carbon sinks that they would automatically cancel out our pollution. Water vapor was seen as a much more influential greenhouse gas.

In the 1940's there were developments in infrared spectroscopy for measuring long-wave radiation. At that time it was proven that increasing the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide resulted in more absorption of infrared radiation. It was also discovered that water vapor absorbed totally different types of radiation than carbon dioxide. Gilbert Plass summarized these results in 1955. He concluded that adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere would intercept infrared radiation that is otherwise lost to space, warming the earth.

The argument that the oceans would absorb most carbon dioxide was still intact. However, in the 1950's evidence was found that carbon dioxide has an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years. Moreover, it was not yet known what would happen to a carbon dioxide molecule after it would eventually dissolve in the ocean. Perhaps the carbon dioxide holding capacity of oceans was limited, or carbon dioxide could be transferred back to the atmosphere after some time. Research showed that the ocean could never be the complete sink for all atmospheric CO₂. It is thought that only nearly a third of anthropogenic CO₂ is absorbed by oceans.

In the late 1950's and early 1960's Charles Keeling used the most modern technologies available to produce concentration curves for atmospheric CO₂ in Antarctica and Mauna Loa. These curves have become one of the major icons of global warming. The curves showed a downward trend of global annual temperature from the 1940's to the 1970's. At the same time ocean sediment research showed that there had been no less than 32 cold-warm cycles in the last 2,5 million years, rather than only 4. Therefore, fear began to develop that a new ice age might be near. The media and many scientists ignored scientific data of the 1950's and 1960's in favor of global cooling.

In the 1980's, finally, the global annual mean temperature curve started to rise. People began to question the theory of an upcoming new ice age. In the late 1980's the curve began to increase so steeply that the global warming theory began to win terrain fast. Environmental NGO's (Non-Governmental Organizations) started to advocate global environmental protection to prevent further global warming. The press also gained an interest in global warming. It soon became a hot news topic that was repeated on a global scale. Pictures of smoke stags were put next to pictures of melting ice caps and flood events. A complete media circus evolved that convinced many people we are on the edge of a significant climate change that has many negative impacts on our world today. Stephen Schneider had first predicted global warming in 1976. This made him one of the world's leading global warming experts.

In 1988 it was finally acknowledged that climate was warmer than any period since 1880. The greenhouse effect theory was named and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was founded by the United Nations Environmental Programme and the World Meteorological Organization. This organization tries to predict the impact of the greenhouse effect according to existing climate models and literature information. The Panel consists of more than 2500 scientific and technical experts from more than 60 countries all over the world. The scientists are from widely divergent research fields including climatology, ecology, economics, medicine, and oceanography. The IPCC is referred to as the largest peer-reviewed scientific cooperation project in history. The IPCC released climate change reports in 1992 and 1996, and the latest revised version in 2001.

In the 1990's scientists started to question the greenhouse effect theory, because of major uncertainties in the data sets and model outcomes. They protested the basis of the theory, which was data of global annual mean temperatures. They believed that the measurements were not carried out correctly and that data from oceans was missing. Cooling trends were not explained by the global warming data and satellites showed completely different temperature records from the initial ones. The idea began to grow that global warming models had overestimated the warming trend of the past 100 years. This caused the IPCC to review their initial data on global warming, but this did not make them reconsider whether the trend actually exists. We now know that 1998 was globally the warmest year on record, followed by 2002, 2003, 2001 and 1997. The 10 warmest years on record have all occurred since 1990.

The climate records of the IPCC are still contested by many other scientists, causing new research and frequent responses to skeptics by the IPCC. This global warming discussion is still continuing today and data is constantly checked and renewed. Models are also updated and adjusted to new discoveries and new theory.

So far not many measures have been taken to do something about climate change. This is largely caused by the major uncertainties still surrounding the theory. But climate change is also a global problem that is hard to solve by single countries. Therefore in 1998 the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan. It requires participating countries to reduce their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆) by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. The Kyoto Protocol was eventually signed in Bonn in 2001 by 186 countries. Several countries such as the United States and Australia have retreated.

From 1998 onwards the terminology on the greenhouse effect started to change as a result of media influences. The greenhouse effect as a term was used fewer and fewer and people started to refer to the theory as either global warming or climate change.